Практикум по специальному переводу (внешнеполитические отношения). Сочинение Terrorism на английском с переводом Борьба с глобальной проблемой - терроризмом

Terrorism Essay, Research Paper

1)It is very difficult to resolve the international problem of terrorism

for several major reasons.

Terrorists usually don’t claim responsibility for their actions until

the fuse is lit, it’s not a case of Jack The Ripper sending an ear to the cops

and warning them who his next victim will be. Terrorists usually do claim

responsibility for their actions after the media is aware that something

happened, this gains recognition for their cause, which is often the reason they

resort to terrorism in the first place. These groups are often underground and

individuals rarely step forward, how can you arrest an entire group that you

Governments endorsing terrorist acts and providing a safe house for them

once they’re on the run just adds to the problem. Hijackers can take their

hostages, get the ransom and fly the plane to the country of their choice. That

country is usually ready to welcome the criminal, for a small cut of the ransom.

Algeria used terrorism as a business to raise capital. By providing immunity,

they became a haven for terrorists. Many Middle Eastern countries resort to

terrorism when dealing with other nations. Saudi Arabia sponsors Islamic

terrorists to lay siege to Egypt. Terrorism is a means of influencing

international relations.

How can you prevent acts of terrorism when those paid to protect the

people are among the guilty? The Ku Klux Klan is a prime example of police

corruption and a government that turned its’ back on its’ people. Dirty cops and

prejudicial governments provided the fuel that burnt black churches of the

Southern States in the past. Many white citizens were not members of the Ku

Klux Klan, but most whites were reluctant to take a stand against the Klan until

the KKK’s acts of violence began to threaten whites who were not white

supremacists. When whites began to oppose the Klan, they went underground and

were thought to have disbanded but they arose again before the first war and

once more during the civil rights movements of the 1960’s. This problem has

arose again as Negro churches have again been targeted by arsonists. The police

have been unable to solve the majority of these crimes.

Hitler and his Nazi Regime could possibly be the worst example of a

government applying acts of terrorism on its people. When those at the top are

corrupt, how can the people defend themselves? Hitler’s methods and ideologies

have made him one of the most feared and hated men in history. Stalin also used

acts of terrorism on his people. His death squads that patrolled the streets at

night and annihilated the homeless was supposedly done for a good cause. I

think that is very questionable.

Negotiating with terrorists can also be bewildering. Recently Prime

Minister John Major of Britain and Prime Minister John Bruton of Ireland were

engaging in peace talks with the Irish political party Sinn Fein. Sinn Fein is

the oldest Irish political party and has been striving for the independence of

Ireland for years. They were founded in 1905 and have representatives in every

major Irish town, they are considered to be the political wing of the Irish

Republican Army. Sinn Fein claims to have genuinely sought after peace but

continuing British bad faith has caused the IRA to act. The British deny these

accusations of bad faith and became puzzled when the IRA broke a long standing

cease fire with a bombing in the urban center of Manchester.

Negotiations can be impossible in the case of suicide bombers. Many

Japanese Cults can not be traced. Though their agents are always caught, they

can never be questioned. Suicide is deemed heroic by the Japanese, the Japanese

cult Aum Supreme Truth used sarin nerve gas on a Tokyo subway to cause terror,

other previous Japanese cults have committed mass suicide at the order from

their leader to avoid interrogation and incarceration. Often these leaders have

some type of mind control on their followers.

Some countries don’t bother negotiating with terrorists. They take a

stance where if the terrorist asks for a million bucks they get squat. The

United States has a policy that is meant to deter terrorist-acts, no

negotiations, no mercy.

2) My position on this topic is anti-terrorism because terrorism is an unethical

method of gaining money or stealing publicity for a cause. Terrorists are

bullies that prey on the fears of the innocent. They drag women and children

into their wars with little concern for the lives that they shatter. They get

what they want by endangering the people that their enemies are responsible for.

The threat of a terrorist bomb is as petty as black mail.

Terrorists don’t need to resort to violence, they should negotiate

first. If they are a developing country crying for help, they should use the

media to get the word out. I am sure that foreign countries would rather lend a

hand rather than dealing with terrorists.

Terrorists are wrong because they target the defenseless, they cause

fear, death and destruction among the public and if they’re not fighting for a

cause, their motives are probably greed.

Terrorists may not directly kill millions of people, but the spark that

started many wars came from a terrorists match, foremost the assassination of

Arch Duke Ferdinand.

3) Seven important questions that could adequately describe terrorism are:

1. What police groups are involved in preventing international crime?

2. Do governments give in to the demands of terrorists?

3. Do certain countries and their governments endorse terrorist

4. What methods do terrorists use and what do they accomplish?

5. Where are felons tried for committing international crimes?

6. Which countries are heavily troubled by terrorist acts?

7. What are the names, leaders and methods of prevalent terrorist

groups globally?

4)Information answering the seven preceding questions:

1. Most countries have their own agencies for dealing with terrorism, but one

global force that deals with terrorist activities is Interpol. Interpol is a

global police agency that links the police forces of the world. They trade

information and relay suspect information amongst each other. This makes it

difficult for hijackers landing in foreign countries to get away. Interpol

relays messages through a central intelligence system that filters down into

the systems of each countries police stations. By sharing information and man

power international crime becomes less appealing to criminals thanks to interpol.

Peru has a new anti-terrorist directorate called Dincote. General Maximo Rivera

Diaz has established this new ?Delta? force to shut down the terrorist activity

of the Shining Path in Lima. Prior to it’s break up, Russia had virtually no

terrorist problem because of the efficiency of their secret service, the KGB.

Now that the former Soviet Union is in shambles, terrorism in Russia is becoming

2. Depending on the severity of the case governments must make a decision on

handling affairs with terrorists, pay them, hold out or send in an anti-

terrorist group to neutralize the situation. One country that stands out from

the rest is The United States of America. They stand by a policy that does not

give terrorists what they want, which would divert greedy terrorists from the

States. Clinton began a harsh anti-terrorist bill as a result of the Oklahoma

bombing. He wishes to make terrorism a priority among the police and other crime

fighting agencies such as the FBI. He wishes to accomplish this by giving these

forces the best surveillance equipment and crime fighting tools available. A

chemical applied to all bomb making chemicals would make bombs apparent at

airport check points and would cut down on hijacking. He also wishes to bar

products from countries that endorse terrorism.

3.Terrorists and governments occasionally work hand in hand. Algeria brought in

large sums of money by housing terrorists. Hamas is terrorist group working in

the Middle East. It was formed in 1987. They conduct attacks on Israeli military

and civilian groups, disrupting politics and causing explosions. The group is

large, with thousands of sympathetic supporters. They also receive aid from

Saudi Arabia and Iran. The Palestine Islamic Jihad is a similar group working in

the Middle East. They act to form an Islamic Palestinian State and to destroy

Israel through a ?Holy War?.. Their strength is unknown but they have been linked

to Syria and Iran. The Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO) has been around

since 1969. Yassir Arafat became the chairman and still holds the position today.

This group has a more global range of actions, but is basically striving for the

same goals and also has ties to middle eastern nations. Another group banded

with Saudi Arabia is The Tigers Of The Gulf. It is highly secretive and little

is know but it is anti-American, and it is aided by Saudi Arabia.

4.Terrorists use a broad spectrum of methods to get their jobs done. Most of

them either gain recognition for the terrorists cause or throw a kink in someone

else’s plans, this would usually further the terrorists cause, for example

assassinating a rival political leader would give your leader a better chance.

Assassinations by terrorists are usually aimed at someone in the spotlight that

the media will react to. It is also often a member of the terrorists rival or

someone close to him, like the assassination of the Czar and his family in

Russia. Guerrilla warfare is also considered an act of terrorism, this would

almost classify the Vietnam war as a terrorist’s war. Bombing is also a

preferred method of destruction used by many terrorist groups, at the front of

these is probably the IRA. Bombs leave little evidence and a large margin for

error. Hijacking and kidnapping are also strong ways for terrorists to make

demands and gain money. Kidnapping can be used to push the buttons of

influential people and hijacking works as kidnapping with an escape route. Both

of these are often used to trade the hostages for the freedom of imprisoned

group members. Threats and propaganda are also widely spread by mainstream

5. International terrorists don’t care about police jurisdiction, but it does

make a difference. Committing a crime in one country may have altogether

different punishments than those of a different country, as the boy who was

caned in Singapore found out all too well. The internationally renown guerrilla

troop and terrorist, Carlos The Jackal, was captured and arrested on bomb

related charges. He is from Venezuela but has caused trouble in several

countries and they all want his hide. France is the lucky country that gets to

punish him because he was captured and convicted in France. The criminal is

charged in the country that he commits the crime in, they often seek citizenship

in foreign countries to gain protection, much like the two men in Canada that

are wanted by Bangladesh for committing murders. Both men are now Canadian

citizens and refuse to return because they fear they will not have a fair trial.

Canada has to make a decision now on whether to honor The Country of Bangladesh

or to honor the rights of the two men.

6.Every country has some degree of terrorist activity, be it large or small. The

Middle East seems to be a hot spot for terrorist activities, maybe due to many

of the nations’ roles in hiring terrorists to join their side than to perform

dirty work for that government. There are also many disgruntled minorities that

use terrorism as a way to get what they want. Japan has it’s own problems with

cult-religious groups that resort to terrorist acts. These groups are often

related to suicide bombers and such, kind of a modern day kami kaze. Areas of

Europe also suffer from high rates of terrorist activity, many stemming back

from the territorial and religious disputes of times long ago. Monarchy seems to

be the enemy of the majority of European terrorists. The States also gets its

share of terror, some domestic but much from overseas, their policies help keep

the levels low. More people die in bath tub accidents than from terrorism in the

States. Canada is even scathed by the knife of terrorism. The FLQ was Canada’s

most dominant and violent terrorist group, though short lived they created a

stir in Francophone relations with the rest of Canada.

7.-The Shining Path is a highly organized terrorist group with coordinated

tactics, but a low violence level. Their leader, Abimael Guzman, was captured by

the Peruvian government. Guzman’s capture has lead to the re-election of the

countries’ president Alberto Fujimori.

The Provisional Irish Republican Army(IRA) is active in Northern Ireland but

carries out it’s actions in Great Britain. They often rely on bombs to get their

point across, their main goal is the independence of Ireland from Great Britain,

and the unification of Ireland. The Northern Irish(IRA) want freedom and

independence for themselves and their Protestant religion while the Southern

Irish don’t want to leave and wish to remain united with Britain. The IRA was

falsely accused of being hand in hand with the Nazi’s during the war. The IRA

does have ties though, they are allied with the Irish political party Sinn Fein

which handles the groups political affairs and negotiating.

The Red Army Faction is a German based group which originated in the 1960’s.

Their ideology is a combination of theories from both Marx and Maoism. The

result is a commitment to armed struggle. The group announced that it would end

it’s terrorist activities in 1992. While the group was active they engaged in

bombings, kidnappings, assassinations, robberies and has targeted both German

and American governments. They were even bold enough to attempt to assassinate

the head of NATO, Alexander Haig. The RAF has several hard-core cadres that

carry out their terrorist missions as well as a large civilian following that

spreads the groups propaganda. The group has survived over the years despite the

repeated capture of it’s highest ranking members. The RAF has ties with several

middle eastern terrorist factions and a very strong tie with GRAPO of Spain.

They are attempting to destroy western capitalism and promote world wide Marxism.

The True Teaching of Aum/Supreme Truth of Aum is a Japanese based faction that

was formed in 1987 by Shoko Asahara. It was recognized as a religious group in

1989. It was headquartered in a small farming village near the base of Mount

Fuji. It contains five branches scattered among 130 sites. It’s membership is

estimated 10,000 in Japan, 30,000 in Russia and about 100 in Manhattan. They

practice a doctrine of Hinduism and Buddhism and they follow a goddess named

Shiva, lord of destruction and regeneration. They believe the world will end

some time in 1997. They were the group responsible for the sarin gas attacks on

Tokyo metro systems that hurt thousands. The groups current leader Shoko Asahara

5)Some would say that terrorism is a valiant deed, the ultimate sacrifice for

ones cause, the only thing that a terrorist sacrifices is the lives of the

innocent, the terrorist is a butcher of human rights. Others would also say

terrorism is an act of retaliation, well two wrongs don’t make a right. If a

terrorist organisation responds to a terrorist attack against themselves with

another act of terrorism, what do you think the other groups response will be?

This situation is currently occuring in Great Britain, the Irish accuse the

English of something and act, the English deny it and accuse the Irish of

commiting unwarranted attacks and responds. This conflict has been raging for

years and no end is in sight since the ceasefire was broken. What if a

developing nation has no resources or commodity to trade to the rest of the

world, wouldn’t you take foriegn hostages to make enough money to feed your

country? I believe that foriegn countries would rather help to solve the crisis

before it reached the stage where terrorism would be put into effect.

Negotiations prior to the problem’s begining could benefit both sides of the

6)Three case studies that would provide further insight into the world of

terrorism would be:

The FLQ’s affect on Francophone relations with the rest of Canada. Did the

kidnapping and assassination of government officials gain anything? Did it

actually hurt Quebec’s dealings with English speaking Canadians or was it

neccesary? How long did the FLQ remain active and how many members did they

have? Did the Front de Liberationd pour Quebec have the people of the province

The IRA has been battling for it’s freedom for years. Does each bomb they place

bring them closer to freedom or does it push their goal further apart? Would

peaceful negotiations reach their goal faster or is violence their last resort?

Finally is freedom worth that much? Thousands of lives have been lost over a

grudge between nations, could it all have been avoided with a little bit of

Japanese religious cults have even less mercy than the brutal terrorists of the

west. Can you blame a terrorist when his actions are being influenced? Should

religious cults be shut down before they reach the terorrist stage? Chemicals

used to make bombs and gas like sarin could be marked in the manufacturing stage,

could this avoid the entire probleb?

7)Terrorism is a terrible deed, sometimes committed in the name of a not so

terrible cause. I feel terrorists use their cause to gain the sympathy of the

people, the masses can add to success of a terrorist groups cause. Compromising

values to achieve a goal is wrong, many terrorists act because their human

rights were disturbed, what are they doingwhen they take hostages? Sometimes the

cause is good but the method is always wrong if terrorism is resorted to.

Terrorism as a Global Problem

Controversial issue is a special sphere of education and social life that is necessary for our intellectual development. It gives us a possibility to get acquainted with significant problems of the modern world and even help to solve them. The number of problems such as international terrorism, discrimination, religion and science conflicts, nuclear weapons and others are of crucial importance and their solution is necessary to preserve the national policy.

Terrorism is the global problem nowadays that endanger life of every person on the earth. The primary purpose of all governments should encourage and enable people to join their forces against terrorism and win it by common efforts . The government should recognize the paramount importance of this problem and the political activity should be subservient to that major consideration.

To solve the problem of global terrorism, we must try to find the roots of it, to analyze the actions of countries taken against terrorism, social attitude to this phenomenon. I would say that current policy isn’t able not just to stop the march of terrorism but even to miniaturize it. Mass media leads active struggle against terrorism but very often this process isn’t connected with definite well-known terrorists. They blame whole nations without any division. The consequences of such actions are predictable: people begin to hate not terrorists as a whole but correlate terrorists with definite nationalities, Arabic, for example. Terrorism as a national phenomenon is a great problem and its understanding can help us to find the way out.

Terrorism needs serious and responsible public attitude, but sometimes hiding after the generous aims of the liquidation of terrorism, politicians limited civil liberties of some nationalities. Internet sites and mass media can abuse position of some social and ethnic groups and give false information about them.

All these and many other facts only promote terrorism. Aggressive attitude to the Arabic people and their religion causes fits of anger in Arabic countries and can even lead to acts of terrorism. To avoid these national hatred we must get aquatinted with Arabic culture, traditions and religion, to understand that not all people in these countries support terrorism and that their religion doesn’t propagate to kill people of other religions. So, the first step is to take under rigid control mass media and Internet. Information about terrorism and terrorists must be objective and factual. Real facts are necessary for the correct understanding of the situation. Then it’s necessary to give children and teenagers the real facts as they represent the future generation to rule the country. Subjective understanding of the matter should be minimized as subjective opinion causes emotional reaction while to solve this problem we must be guided only by common sense.

The knowing of the definition of terrorism is necessary to take strong measures to overcome this global trouble. The definition is rather controversial and that is why very often its different interpretations can be used in the own interests of some individuals. As a whole terrorism means aggressive actions with the use of violence against ordinary civilians aimed to intimidate politicians. Term “terrorism” is often used to show that the actions taken by a group of people are violent, unlawful and immoral.

The official beginning of terrorism is connected with the 19th century, although violent aggressive actions of certain groups of people were noticed much earlier. The term appeared for the first time during the Reign of Terror (1793-1794). In 1867 the Iris Republic Brotherhood attacked England and after then acts of terror have become recurrent phenomena.

The victims by the year 1985 counted 816 people, in 2001 the number of deaths rose to 3,295 because of the attacks on the 11th of September, 2001. More than 1,000 people died because of acts of terror in 2003.

The answer to the events of September 11, 2001 was the so-called “War on terror” proclaimed by George W. Bush. The main aim of which was to unit huge number of people and stop acts of terror not just in the USA but al over the world. However, to exterminate the evil by another evil is impossible, and taking united aggressive actions against acts of terror can do noting. "The word terror activates your fear. The war on terror is not about stopping you from being afraid, it "s about making you afraid.". Another point of view says that: "Reviewing the background to US sponsored Argentinian and Israeli terrorism reveals how the fictional "war on terror" is just another pretext for the pillage of Latin America by the US government and its favoured multinational corporations.".

Aiming to get rid of terrorism, the war just lighted the fire of hatred between different nationalities. Former Australian minister, Gareth Evans so voices his concerns: "The unhappy truth is that the net result of the war on terror, so far at least, has been more war and more terror".

To blame Islam in the existence of terrorism and to consider all Arabic people terrorists is silly and nonsensical. The name Islam means “peace” translated from the Arabic language. Examining Arabic Belief system we find that aggressive actions have no place in it. To take a life that Allah gave a trust to the human is a great sin in the Islamic world. Suicide bombing, which takes people’s lives is forbidden:"...If anyone killed a person not in retaliation for murder or to spread mischief in the land, it would be as if he killed the whole of mankind. And (likewise) if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the whole of mankind"

Terrorism being a global problem needs special attention and careful attitude. Exploring the roots of this phenomenon is necessary to find ways out. A special organization must be created. It’s main aim would be to inform population about all acts of terror, to make them aquatinted with Arabic and other cultures whose representatives have been terrorists, to get rid of national hatred. This organization would spend special meetings in colleges, universities and at schools where global problems could be discussed. It would form objective independent opinion that would help people to get together and overcome this trouble that endanger all lives.

While the military power still retains significance in relations among states, an ever greater role is being played by economic, political, scientific and technological, ecological, and information factors. As the main components of a national power of a state are its intellectual, information and communications capabilities, the well-being and education level of the population, the degree of combining of scientific and production resources, and concentration of financial capital and diversification of economic ties. A lot of states are set on trade market methods of managing the economy and democratic values. The major breakthrough in a number of key areas of scientific and technological progress leading to the formation of worldwide information environment. The deepening and diversification of international economic leads to interdependence of states.

At the same time, new challenges and threats are emerging in the international sphere:

· There is a growing trend towards the establishment of a unipolar structure of the world with the economic and power domination of the United States.

· In solving principal questions of international security, the stakes are being placed on western institutions and on weakening the role of the U.N. Security Council.

· Globalization of the world economy gives rise to new dangers, especially for economically weak states, and increases the probability of large-scale financial and economic crises. There is a growing risk of dependence of the economic system and information environment on outside impact;

· There is an intensification of the role of international institutions and mechanisms in world economics and politics ("Group of 8", the IMF, the World Bank and others).

· Integrated associations are acquiring an ever greater importance in the world economy, and are becoming a significant factor of regional and sub-regional security and peacemaking. Attempts to belittle the role of a sovereign state as the fundamental element of international relations generate a threat of interference in internal affairs.

· The problem of proliferation of the weapons of mass destruction and means of their delivery is acquiring serious dimensions. Unregulated or potential regional and local armed conflicts are threat to international peace and security.

· The growth of international terrorism, transnational organized crime, as well as illegal trafficking in drugs and weapons are beginning to influence on global and regional stability.

INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM is the Activities that involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of any State; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping; and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished

Effects of Illegal Drug Trade on Societies

The countries of illegal drug production, which are usually developing countries, have been seen as the worst affected by global drug trade. The youth of countries like Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, where drugs like heroin are produced, see drugs as a point of contact with the West. To them the use of drugs represents modernity and is associated with the glitz and glam of developed nations, such as fancy cars and big houses. The drugs are seen as a doorway to a better life; while in reality drugs produce long term consequences and problems in societies, such as health problems (spread of HIV/AIDS), and further socio-economic and political instability.

Unfortunately drug abuse often affects the youth turning a source of vibrant productivity into a burden on society. Many countries in the developing world have large numbers of homeless children, this is a result of widespread poverty, urban migration, and breakdowns in the social service sector following structural adjustments. In large Indian cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata, and New Delhi it is estimated that there are over 100,000 street children, many of whom are involved in drug use. In recent years, similar patterns have developed in Southeast Asia and Cambodia. Laos and Vietnam now have “substantial populations of street children consuming drugs, living precariously with little or no family support or guardians”. These homeless children receive no education or training that would allow them to participate in national development.

Nuclear proliferation is a term now used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons, fissile material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information, to nations which are not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also known as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons, the governments of which fear that more countries with nuclear weapons may increase the possibility of nuclear warfare, de-stabilize international or regional relations, or infringe upon the national sovereignty of states.

Four nations, none of which signed or ratified the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, have acquired, or are presumed to have acquired, nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. One critique of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty is that it is discriminatory in recognizing the as nuclear weapon states only those counties that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 and requiring all other states joining the treaty to forswear nuclear weapons.

The world order of the XXI century must be based on mechanisms of collective resolution of key problems, on the priority of law and broad democratization of international relations.

Resulting “War on Terror”

The terrible events of September 11 saw the considerable quieting of what was until then growing domestic and international criticism of the Bush Administration. The September 11 events resulted in a “war on terror” which saw support for Bush and his popularity soar at the time.

Up to September 11, 2001, the Bush administration was being criticized around the world for its stances on various issues domestically and internationally. Even European and other allies were very critical of positions on numerous global issues.

But even before the Bush Administration, throughout the world, many nations and groups of people had expressed their frustrations at how U.S. foreign policies had affected them on all sorts of issues, ranging from economic/globalization issues that have deepened poverty and/or inequality for most people around the world; geopolitics/arms/missile defense; environmental issues and so on. Protests either directly, or indirectly at U.S. policies have occurred all around the world-especially on globalization issues-as mentioned on this web site. (See the section on global protests for more on that, for example).

Yet that cannot be an excuse for the atrocity of September 11 as it killed many innocent people. At the same time, people have correctly pointed out that when other regions around the world have faced similar terrorist attacks, the outpouring of concern and condemnation has not been as much. The Washington Post (September 12, 2001) even dared to admit this at such a sensative time shortly after the attacks. (Their article is no longer online.)

However, behind the unity of the American people in the shock of September 11, a heightened sense of security has resulted with concerns reverberating throughout the world, which of course affects all citizens. Many are concerned about the crackdown of freedoms and civil liberties in various nations that has resulted because of this. Many are concerned that various countries around the world can also use this “war on terror” as an excuse to pursue more aggressive options or other policies that affect the rights of citizens.

For example, consider the concerns Amnesty International raised in October 2001, shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks: “In the name of fighting ‘international terrorism’, governments have rushed to introduce draconian new measures that threaten the human rights of their own citizens, immigrants and refugees…. Governments have a responsibility to ensure the safety of their citizens, but measures taken must not undermine fundamental human rights standards. It appears that some of the initiatives currently being discussed or implemented may be used to curb basic human rights and to suppress internal opposition. Some of the definitions of ‘terrorism’ under discussion are so broad that they could be used to criminalize anyone out of favour with those in power and criminalize legitimate peaceful exercise of the right to freedom of expression and association. They could also put at risk the right to privacy and threaten the rights of minorities and asylum-seekers.”

In May 2003, Amnesty International charged, “The ‘war on terror’, far from making the world a safer place, has made it more dangerous by curtailing human rights, undermining the rule of international law and shielding governments from scrutiny. It has deepened divisions among people of different faiths and origins, sowing the seeds for more conflict. The overwhelming impact of all this is genuine fear-among the affluent as well as the poor.”

I feel awe,

Pain,

Fear,

Empathy,

Compassion

Terror

I am afraid for my family.

I think that there are terrorist acts in Moscow

It was coined during France"s Reign of Terror in 1793-94. Originally, the leaders of this systematized attempt to weed out "traitors" among the revolutionary ranks praised terror as the best way to defend liberty, but as the French Revolution soured, the word soon took on grim echoes of state violence and guillotines. Today, most terrorists dislike the label, according to Bruce Hoffman of the RAND think tank.

Has Russia been attacked by terrorists ?

Yes. During the last decade, Russia has been the target of far more terrorist attacks than the United States has. Most of these have stemmed from the conflict in Chechnya-including the hijacking of a Russian airliner in Saudi Arabia in March 2001 and the hijacking of a commercial bus with 40 passengers in July 2001. Perhaps the most dramatic attacks were four apartment bombings in Moscow and other Russian cities during August and September 1999, which killed nearly 300 civilians . Putin, then Russia"s prime minister under the ailing President Boris Yeltsin, blamed these bombings on Chechen rebels and reinvaded the breakaway republic. At least 41 people, including 17 children, were also killed in May 2002 when terrorists bombed a military parade in the southwestern town of Kaspiisk - an attack that the Russian government also blamed on Chechen extremists . In October 2002, Chechen terrorists seized some 700 hostages in a Moscow theater. Russian special forces launched a commando raid, pumping an aerosol form of the powerful narcotic Fentanyl into the theater to disable the hostage-takers. The drug killed more than 110 hostages.

Ученики называют эти слова на английском.

На слайде слова даны вразброс, нужно найти правильное значение слова

Дети читают и переводят текст.

On September 11, 2001, the United States was attacked by terrorists connected with the radical Islamist group, Al Qaeda. Four commercial airliners were hijacked, to be used as missiles in the destruction of American monuments and American lives. Both towers of the World Trade Center in New York were destroyed, and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, was severely damaged. Almost three thousand lives were lost.

On September 11 the terrorists did not attack armed forces, but the American people as such. This is truly an unprecedented crime.

Exactly one week before the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks, President George Bush has declared that dark day in US history "Patriot Day," in honour of those killed.

The more than 3,000 people who died in the attacks in New York, Pennsylvania and outside Washington "will forever hold a cherished place in our hearts and in the history of our nation," Bush declared in a statement yesterday.

"We will not forget the events of that terrible morning, nor will we forget how Americans responded in New York City, at the Pentagon and in the skies over Pennsylvania -with heroism and selflessness, with compassion and courage and with prayer and hope," he said.

The Day The Towers Fell

A sad day for America

as rejoicing rang from hell

awakening a mighty giant

the day the towers fell.

Our hearts were saddened

as we watched this vicious act unfold

as innocence met a fiery death

and seeds of war were sowed.

America just sort of glides along

but don"t step on her toes

for her belief in right and justice

will stomp out freedoms foes.

It occurred about 9 hours in the morning, some of children perceived it as a bad dream and it seemed impossible: the truck entered the school yard, out of it the armed people in the masks jumped out. They began to shoot at air and to force crowd into the school.

В своей подмосковной резиденции в Ново-Огарево премьер-министр России Владимир Путин провел первую встречу с иностранными журналистами и учеными после трагических событий в североосетинском Беслане.

В ходе беседы, длившейся больше трех часов, Путин, заявил, что принял решение о проведении внутреннего, а не публичного расследования. По его мнению, открытое расследование может превратиться в “политическое шоу”. По словам премьер-министра, он “хочет восстановить последовательность событий и выяснить, кто несет ответственность”.

Премьер-министр также особенно подчеркнул, что никто не имеет права “советовать нам говорить с убийцами детей”. “Почему бы вам не встретиться с Усамой бен Ладеном?..”

Премьер-министр также подчеркнул, что “мусульмане живут на Волге, в Татарстане и Башкортостане. Чечня - не Ирак. Она находится совсем рядом. Чечня - важная часть нашей территории, и в данный момент речь идет о территориальной целостности России”.

Просто помолчим, что тут говорить,

Сердце запеклось от людской крови.

И сочится кровь из открытых ран,

И тревожно бьёт колокол – «Беслан!!!»

В доме знак беды – распахнута дверь,

Не придет никто в этот дом теперь.

Не согреет дом звонкий детский смех.

Сиротой стоит на глазах у всех.

И калитки скрип жадно ловит он,

И глядят с тоской, ждут глаза окон.

Не поймет, зачем тишина кругом,

Было так тепло раньше в доме том.

Но хозяев ждет, он как верный пес

От глухой тоски, словно в землю врос.

Не зажжется свет и не скрипнет дверь,

Не придет никто в этот дом теперь…

Can you guess the meaning of these international words:

xenophobia, dogma, patriotism, racism, fanaticism, stereotype, propaganda, fact, attack.

На слайде даны сначала одни слова, затем после разговора с детьми появляются переводы

I am afraid for my family.

The Terrorism as a global problem of the modern world.

We will not forget the events of that terrible day.

Together against terror.

After President Carter agreed to admit the Shah of Iran into the US, Iranian radicals seized the US Embassy in Teheran and took 66 American diplomats hostage. Thirteen hostages were soon released, but the remaining 53 were held until their release on January 20, 1981.

A Trans-World Airlines flight was hijacked en route to Rome from Athens by two Lebanese Hezbollah terrorists and forced to fly to Beirut. The eight crew members and 145 passengers were held hostage for seventeen days, during which one American hostage, a US navy sailor, was murdered. The aircraft was returned to Beirut after Israel released 435 Lebanese and Palestinian hostages.

Twelve people were killed, and 5,700 were injured in a Sarin nerve gas attack on a crowded subway station in the centre of Tokyo, Japan. A similar attack occurred nearly simultaneously in the Yokohama subway system. The Aum Shinri-kyu cult was blamed for the attacks .

A bomb exploded aboard a Paris subway train as it arrived at the Port Royal station, killing two French nationals, a Moroccan, and a Canadian, and injuring 86 people. Among those injured were one US citizen and a Canadian. No one claimed responsibility for the attack , but Algerian extremists are suspected.

Twelve people were injured Sunday in a suicide bombing at the entrance to a Shia mosque in the Pakistani city of Sargodha, police said. The suicide bomber blew himself up when he was stopped by security personnel at the entrance. The blast took place minutes before evening prayers began.

Despite some setbacks , al Qaeda"s core leadership in Pakistan remains the biggest threat to the United States, and the group continues to expand and strengthen worldwide, according to a new State Department report. Last year, al Qaeda"s "core in Pakistan remained the most formidable terrorist organization targeting the U.S. homeland ," says the report, "Country Reports on Terrorism."

Al-Shabaab, the Somali militant group that claimed responsibility for Sunday"s deadly attacks in Uganda, is promising to "unleash a new tide of terror ," but Uganda"s leader has vowed to "deal with the authors of this crime and fight back." "This is only the beginning," Al-Shabaab warned Thursday in a statement on the internet.

Islamic militants with ties to al Qaeda claimed responsibility Thursday for this week"s suicide attack on a television station in Iraq that killed at least six people and wounded 20 others . The Islamic State of Iraq praised the attack as "a blessed operation and one of a series of the blessed prisoner conquests in order to defeat the Safavid (Shiite) project and their stooges in Baghdad," in a statement posted to a terrorist website.

A terrorist attack apparently aimed at two Jewish centers in Chicago was thwarted when two packages the size of bread boxes containing explosives were intercepted in Europe and the Middle East, counterterrorism officials announced Friday.

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) rebels kidnapped a US citizen in Sabaneta. FARC members also killed three people, wounded fourteen, and kidnapped at least 27 others at a roadblock near Bogota. Four US citizens and one Italian were among those kidnapped, as well as the acting president of the National Electoral Council (CNE) and his wife.

2. Прочтите текст резолюции на русском и английском языках и подберите эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям.

Под эгидой ООН; in conformity with the relevant provisions of national and international law; поощрять всеобщее участие в существующих международных антитеррористических конвенциях и их осуществление; the speedy adoption of the pending conventions; привлекать к ответственности лиц, виновных в совершении террористических актов; to grant refugee status; меры по ликвидации международного терроризма; to deny terrorists safe haven; в целях противодействия угрозе терроризма; to consider smth as a matter of priority; пресечение актов международного терроризма; to contribute to the efforts to combat terrorism; осуждать акты терроризма как преступные и не имеющие оправдания; to commend the work done by the General Assembly; лицо, ищущее убежище; through all lawful means.

3. Составьте англо-русский глоссарий терминов по следующему тексту.

Terms for Describing Terrorism

Since today’s world newspapers, radio and television programs around the globe are all too often filled with accounts of terrorist attacks, suicide bombing and other such horrific acts, the Russian-English/English-Russian translator or interpreter is well advised to have a variety of synonyms in his active linguistic baggage. “Shocking”, a word commonly used to describe terrorist acts, can be supplemented or replaced by a wide variety of negative adjectives such as “abominable’ (отвратительный ), “appalling” (жуткий ), “atrocious” (зверский, гнусный ), “brutal” (жестокий ), “frightful” (ужасный, страшный ), “hateful” (ненавистный ), “heinous” (омерзительный ), “hideous” (безобразный ), “horrible” (ужасный ), “monstrous” (чудовищный ), “obnoxious” (противный, несносный ), “odious” (ненавистный, противный ), “outrageous” (безобразный, возмутительный ), “repugnant” (отвратительный ), “repulsive” (отталкивающий ), “sickening” (тошнотворный ), “terrible” (страшный, ужасный ), “vile” (гнусный ). Another useful word is “unspeakable” – “unspeakable acts” imply actions so awful that one is loath to even talk of them. These deeds may also be “brazen” (дерзкие ). A common Russian adjective describing such acts is коварный , as in коварная изощренность террористов . While the dictionary defines коварный as “treacherous” or “perfidious”, in many contexts these may not be appropriate translations. In the given phrase, “insidious” or “fiendish” sophistication of the terrorists would successfully render the phrase’s meaning.

“Reprehensible” implies something which is both предосудительный and отвратительный – “revolting”. “Disgusting” is somewhat too colloquial for such situations. And the correct adjective to render варварский is “barbaric”, not “barbarian”, as in “barbaric bombings” or “the barbaric and sick individuals who committed these acts”.

The individual who carries out such acts is the “perpetrator”, and he ‘commits”, ‘carries out” or “perpetrates” his evil deeds. The individuals who order him to do so, заказчики or зачинщики are the ‘masterminds”, “ringleaders” or “instigators” of violence. While the word бандиты often comes up in reference to terrorists, the English word “bandits” should be avoided. A far better translation is “thug”; the пособники or приспешники of terrorists are their “henchmen” or ‘accomplices”, or “those who aid and abet terrorists”. Преступные банды террористов is better translated as “criminal gangs” than as “bands”. Но дело (“cause”) can justify the actions of any заблудившиеся (“misguided”, “deluded”) individuals, would-be martyrs (мученики ) or fanatics.

While сильный и беспощадный враг , as terrorists are often called, can be translated as a ‘strong and merciless enemy”, “ruthless” is a more idiomatic translation of беспощадный , and a very useful word to describe someone who has no scruples/moral principleswill stop at nothing/will not shrink/shirk from perpetrating any kind of terrorist act.

Вопрос о дальнейшей активизации и повышении сотрудничества в борьбе с терроризмом is the “vitally”, “critically important ” or “crucial’ issue of the continuous/continued further revitalization (“activization “ is not a good choice here) of effective cooperation in combating rettorism”. Борьба с терроризмом can be rendered in several ways: the war on terrorism/campaign against terrorism/struggle/fight against terrorism. And решение приоритетной задачи борьбы с терроризмом can be rendered as “the high(est) priority objective of resolving (not solving) the challenge/issue/problem of the fight/struggle against terrorism.”

Террористические акты , потрясшие мир, are acts which “shocked”, “stunned”, “rocked”, or “convulsed” the world, or “made the world reel”. While террористические очаги are often translated as “hotbeds” or “flashpoints” of terrorism, in some contexts these can be “strongholds” or “bastions”.

We often hear about the главное условие успеха – “the key to success” or “prerequisite for” success in the war on terrorism. Враг – «enemy/adversary/opponent” – далеко не сломлен – “has by no means/has not yet been defeated/conquered/smashed”. The forces of evil рвутся к обладанию оружием массового уничтожения – “are (desperately) trying /eager/out/to acquire weapons of mass destruction”. There are also многочисленные неопровержимые доказательства – “a great deal of/a plethora of/incontrovertible/irrefutable evidence” regarding terrorists activities.

Терроризм нужно полностью искоренить/ликвидировать can be translated as “Terrorism must be eliminated/destroyed/wiped out/ended”. This also requires putting an end to its питательная среда , or “breeding grounds”. Совместные усилия – “joint” or “common” efforts are needed to defeat the terrorists, and those involved in this struggle must “pool” or “unite” (not “share”) their efforts. What is required is a комплексный подход к противодействию терроризму . Better than “a comprehensive” approach would be “multipronged” or “multifaceted”. Also needed are решительные, сплоченные и выверенные действия международного сообщества – vigorous/resolute (much better than “firm”), united and considered actions on the part of the international community”. As the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs stated in his speech to the UN security Council.

Использование методов террора ставит крест на политических амбициях тех, кто этим занимается, однозначно превращает их в преступников и подлинных изгоев. Не может быть никакого оправдания их действиям. И сами мы должны действовать в отношении их соответственно: преступники обязаны неси наказание за содеянное .

The translator here is presented with plenty of interesting possibilities. The use of terror can either “doom” or “put an end to” the political “strivings” (better than “ambitions”) of those engaged/involved in terrorism, and (“and” is necessary in English) clearly/unequivocally/stamps/marks/brands them as criminals and utter/absolute pariahs/the lowest of the low/places them beyond the pale. There can be no justification for their actions. And we must take appropriate action against them: the criminals must be punished/punishment must be meted out for their actions (or, much better) – for what they have wrought. In other words, they cannot be allowed to act безнаказанно – “with impunity”. Terrorists must not be allowed to уйти от правосудия – “to escape from justice”.

Those who укрывают террористов , “harbor/give refuge” to terrorists must also be punished. As the Foreign Minister pointed out in his speech: «Для России укрепление международной солидарности в борьбе с терроризмом – не дань политической риторике ». For Russia strengthening/consolidating international solidarity/unity in the war on/campaign/fight against terrorism is not empty rhetoric/hollow platitudes/mere political gesturing/lip service/mere verbiage. All those who are fighting against terrorism must питать надежду − harbor/cherish the hope” that terrorism will be eliminated.

The translator/interpreter must take care to keep abreast of the growing vocabulary of political, military and humanitarian terminology so frequently used in discussion of this scourge of the twenty-first century.

Англо-русский глоссарий по теме “Terrorism”.

1. Attack

• a bomb attack – взрыв бомбы;
• a nerve gas attack – теракт с использованием нервнопаралитического газа;
• a suicide bomb attack – взрыв, осуществленный террористом-смертником;
• to be killed/injured/wounded in a bomb attack – погибнуть/получить ранения в результате взрыва бомбы;
• to launch an attack – совершить нападение, теракт;
• to stage an attack − совершить нападение, теракт;
• to carry out an attack − совершить нападение, теракт.

2. Bombing – врыв бомбы

• a deadly bombing – взрыв бомбы, повлекший многочисленные жертвы;
• a suicide bombing − взрыв, осуществленный террористом-смертником;
• car bombing – взрыв автомобиля, начиненного взрывчаткой.

3. А bomb

• a road side bomb − придорожная бомба;
• a timed bomb − бомба с часовым механизмом;
• a bomb blasted/detonated/exploded/went off – взорвалась бомба;
• a bomb killed injured/wounded…people – в результате взрыва бомбы погибли/получили ранения…человек;
• to plant a bomb – заложить бомбу.

4. An explosive – взрывчатое вещество, взрывчатка

• a powerful explosive – мощное взрывное вещество;
• to defuse an explosive device – обезвредить взрывное устройство;
• to set off explosive devices by remote control − привести в действие взрывное устройство при помощи дистанционного управления;
• to wear an explosives belt – иметь на себе пояс шахида.

5. А hostage − заложник

• to hold smb hostage – удерживать кого-либо в заложниках;
• to hold hostages − удерживать заложников;
• to release hostages – освободить заложников;
• to take smb hostage – взять кого-либо в заложники;
• to take (20) hostages – захватить (20) заложников.

6. А terrorist act – террористический акт

• to carry out/commit/perpetrate terrorist acts – совершать теракты;
• to incite/instigate terrorist acts – провоцировать теракты;
• to mastermind terrorist acts – готовить теракты;
• to plot terrorist acts – замышлять теракты.

a group of armed kidnappers – группа вооруженных похитителей;

a police raid – полицейский рейд, операция;

a training camp – тренировочный лагерь;

an asylum-seeker – беженец, просящий о предоставлении убежища;

an increase in acts of international terrorism – увеличение числа актов международного терроризма;

death count – количество погибших;

in all forms and manifestations – во всех формах и проявлениях;

in conformity with the relevant provisions of national and international law − согласно соответствующим положениям национального законодательства и международного права;

kidnapping for ransom – похищение с целью выкупаSyn. abduction for ransom;

suspected mastermind – подозреваемый организатор;

suspected terrorists – предполагаемые террористы;

the commission of terrorist acts – совершение терактов;

the Interior Minister – министр внутренних дел;

the speedy adoption of the pending conventions – скорейшее принятие еще не принятых конвенций;

through all lawful means – всеми законными средствами;

to blow oneself up – взорвать себя;

to blame smb for smth/to blame smth on smb – обвинить кого-либо в чем-либо;

to blow up a train – взорвать поездSyn. to blast;

to bring to justice the perpetrators of the terrorist acts – привлечь к ответственности лиц, виновных в совершении терактов;

to capture smb/smth – захватить кого-либо, что-либоSyn. to seize smb/smth;

to cause major damage – вызвать значительные разрушения;

to claim responsibility for the attack – взять ответственность за теракт;

to combat international terrorism – бороться с международным терроризмом;

to consider smth as a matter of priority – рассмотреть какой-либо вопрос в первоочередном порядке;

to contribute to the efforts to combat terrorism − внести вклад в усилия по борьбе с терроризмом;

to counter the terrorist threat – противодействовать угрозе терроризма;

to demand the release – требовать освобождения;

to deny safe haven – отказать в убежище;

to detonate an explosion – привести в действие взрывное устройство;

to eliminate international terrorism – ликвидировать международный терроризм;

to endanger the lives and well-being of individuals – представлять опасность для жизни и благосостояния людей;

to grant refugee status – предоставить статус беженца;

to hide out in… − скрываться в…;

to hijack a plane – угнать самолет;

to hit targets – поразить цели;

to hold smb responsible for smth – возложить ответственность за что-либо на кого-либо;

to intensify fight against terrorism – активизировать борьбу с терроризмом;

to promote universal participation in − поощрять всеобщее участие;

to quash a rebel movement – подавить повстанческое движение;

to shoot down a plane – сбить самолетSyn. to bring down a plane;

to sign a peace accord – подписать мирное соглашение;

to stop the rebellion – подавить восстание;

to storm a building – взять штурмом здание;

to unequivocally condemn all acts of terrorism as unjustifiable – безоговорочно осудить все акты терроризма как не имеющие оправдания;

to unleash a new tide of terror – развязать новую волну террора;

under the auspices of the UN – под эгидой ООН.

Русско-английский глоссарий по теме «Терроризм»

активизировать – to revitalize/to intensify ;

бандиты – thugs ;

борьба с терроризмом – the war on terrorism/campaign against terrorism/struggle/fight against terrorism ;

будущее мироустройство – future world order ;

верховенство международного права – supremacy of international law/rule of international law ;

воспользоваться сложной обстановкой в области безопасности – to take advantage of the complicated security situation ;

восстановить боевые возможности – to restore combat capabilities ;

восстановить единство международного сообщества – to restore the unity of the international community ;

действовать в рамках законности на основе международного права – to act within the framework of legality, on the basis of international law ;

зачинщики/заказчики – masterminds/ringleaders/instigators ;

избежать разрастания кризисных процессов в международной политике – to avoid the intensification of crises in international politics ;

коварная изощренность террористов – the insidious/fiendish sophistication of the terrorists ;

комплексный подход к противодействию терроризму – a multipronged/multifaceted approach to countering terrorism ;

Контртеррористический комитет СБ ООН – the Counterterrorism Committee of the UN Security Council ;

ликвидировать сеть международного терроризма – to eliminate the international terrorist network ;

межгосударственное антитеррористическое сотрудничество – interstate counterterrorist cooperation ;

многочисленные неопровержимые доказательства – a great deal of/a plethora of/incontrovertible/irrefutable evidence ;

объединить усилия международного сообщества – to unite/to pool the efforts of the international community ;

односторонние акции против суверенных государств – unilateral actions against sovereign states ;

питательная среда – breeding/fertile ground ;

питать надежду – to harbor/cherish the hope ;

победить международный терроризм – to defeat international terrorism ;

под лозунгами борьбы с терроризмом – under the banner of combating terrorism ;

подорвать единство международного сообщества – to undermine the unity of the international community ;

пособники/приспешники – henchmen/accomplices ;

поставить под сомнение основополагающие цели и идеалы – to call into question fundamental goals and ideals ;

преступные банды террористов – criminal gangs ;

приспосабливаться к меняющимся условиям – to adjust to changing conditions ;

приуменьшать потенциал террористов – to underestimate the capabilities of terrorists ;

расшатать основы широкой международной антитеррористической коалиции – to shake the foundations of broad international anti-terrorist coalition ;

рваться к обладанию оружием массового уничтожения – to desperately try to acquire weapons of mass destruction ;

решение приоритетной задачи борьбы с терроризмом – the highest priority objective of resolving the challenge/issue/problem of the fight/struggle against terrorism ;

решительные действия – resolute actions ;

сбалансированная неконфронтационная внешняя политика России – balanced and non-confrontational foreign policy of Russia ;

совместные усилия – joint/common efforts ;

сплотиться перед лицом общего врага – to unite in the face of a common enemy ;

сплоченная антитеррористическая кампания – united anti-terrorist campaign ;

сплоченные действия – united actions ;

столкнуться с угрозой крупномасштабных террористических актов – to face the threat of large-scale terrorist acts ;

террористические акты, потрясшие мир – the terrorist acts which shocked/stunned/rocked/convulsed the world ;

террористические очаги – hotbeds/flashpoints/strongholds ;

уйти от правосудия – to escape from justice ;

укрепление центральной роли ООН – strengthening the central role of the UN ;

укрывать террористов – to harbor /give refuge to terrorists ;

устранение глобальной угрозы человечеству – elimination of the global threat to humanity ;

усугубление теругрозы – aggravation of the terrorist threat .

We can"t call today"s world a safe world. Many dangers come from nature, I mean floods, earthquakes and so on. But people are also dangerous for each other.
Unfortunately, there are some people who don"t stop at anything to achieve their aims. They even think "the more victims the better". Our country was one of the first to have terrorist attacks. I mean the attacks in Moscow when two apartment houses were destroyed. There were acts of terrorism in all parts of the world at the end of the 20th century: in Japan, in England and in France.

But certainly the day that shook the world was the 11th of September 2001. Two American planes had been hijacked by terrorists. The first plan slammed into the north tower of the World Trade Centre. The second crashed into the south tower of the World Trade Center. And soon the towers collapsed . It was unbelievable, it was a nightmare. Words fail to describe what I felt when I watched TV: some people jumped out of the windows, others waved their handkerchiefs helplessly. Thousands of people were killed and hundreds of people injured . There also were hundreds of victims in the planes themselves. The acts of mass murder as president Bush said, were intended to frighten the nation. Certainly terrorist attacks shook the foundation of the highest building but they didn"t shake the foundation of America. Though as I think they made the country more aggressive. I mean the war in Iraq. There were many victims there too - peaceful women, old men and children.
Of course, it is necessary to find those who had arranged the terrorist acts in New York. They say that Osama bin Laden had been coordinating terrorist attacks against the USA. If it is true he should be punished. The acts of terrorism show that even strong countries having nuclear weapons are not protected against terrorism.
It seems to me that good people all over the world should join their forces and fight terrorism. Only together we can win. The government of all countries should have special funds for fighting terrorism. Certainly, the police in Western countries and our milicia should work better in order to prevent terrorist attacks. We had a very bad example in Moscow when armed terrorists entered the building where the performance Nord-Ost took place. Many peaceful people suffered. There were more than a hundred victims.
I wish our world were safer and we all felt more protected.

Today"s world is often called the computer world. We cannot imagine our life without computers. The first computers were developed during the Second World War. They were used to break the codes, used to send secret information.

Our world is really a small world. Modern transport facilities make it possible to reach any part of our planet within a few hours. People have to communicate and solve common problems in all the spheres of political life, economy and culture. Communication is an interaction of cultures. The knowledge of each other"s culture and traditions is very often important for successful business and political talks. We, Russians, very often surprise our foreign partners by our behavior and manners.

Unemployment is a very urgent problem today. Years ago when a man left school he learnt some job and did this job all his life. He could be sure that his job would be needed to his dying day. Nowadays he couldn"t be sure. Your work may look like a very good job at present, but it may not be needed in 10 years.

Drugs

Drug addiction is a big problem today. Even 5 years ago this problem did not exist in small towns. We read about drug addicts in the USA and other countries of the West. This problem existed in big cities like Moscow and St. Petersburg. Today different drugs are sold in our city and what is worse they are bought and taken by people, mostly young people. Drugs are ruinous for health and they destroy the personality of those who take them.

I"d like to tell you about my native town. Izhevsk is very large industrial town locted in the European part of Russia between the Volga River and the Ural mountains. It has a population of about 700.000. Izhevsk was founded in l760 as a settlement. The industrial development f the history began with the construction of an iron works. In 1918 Izhevsk became a town and since 1921 it has been the capital of Udmurtia.

Science is finding out about things around us. How do you find out about things? One way is to ask questions about them. But suppose no one knows the answers. Then you have to think of ways to find the answers yourself. This usually means doing something to the «thing» to see what happens. Doing something to see what happens is called experimenting. Scientists ask questions about things around us.

The Udmurt Republic is a sovereign republic within the Russian Federation. It is situated in the Western part of the Middle Urals between two great rivers the Kama and the Vyatka. In 1991 the republic became open for foreign visitors. Since that time Udmurtia has had close and friendly relations with many countries of the world in the fields of culture, education, trade, sport and tourism. The Government of the republic is very much interested in the development of local tourism.